Reasonable forging of cutting-edge materials can break up columnar grains, reduce macrosegregation, transform the as-cast structure into a forged structure, and, under appropriate temperature and stress conditions, weld internal voids to improve the material’s density.

After forging, the ingot forms a fibrous structure. Through further rolling, extrusion, and die forging, the forging obtains a rational distribution of fiber flow direction.

Forging also helps to control grain size and uniformity, improve the distribution of secondary phases (such as alloy carbides in ledeburitic steels), and achieve deformation strengthening or deformation–phase transformation strengthening of the microstructure.